B. Types of blood vessels
C. Heart is a double pump
E. Two cardiovascular pathways
F. Exchange of capillaries
G. Cardiovascular disorders
II. Cardiovascular System: Blood
A. Overview
B. Red blood cells and transport of oxygen
C. White blood cells and defense against disease
D. Platelets and blood clotting
E. Blood typing and transfusions
F. Homeostasis
III. Lymphatic System and Immunity
A. Microbes, Pathogens, and You
B. The lymphatic system
C. Non-specific defenses
D. Specific defenses
E. Acquired immunity
IV. AIDS supplement
A. Origin and Prevalence of HIV
B. Phases of HIV
C. HIV structure and Life cycle
I. Heart and Blood vessels
A. Overview
1. Actual purpose of circulation of blood is to service the cells
2. Blood needs to be "refreshed" in lungs, intestines, and kidneys
a. purified in kidneys
b. oxygenate in the lungs
c. nutrients added in the intestines
3. The lymphatic vessels transport excess fluid to the cardiovascular system
B. Types of blood vessels
1. The arteries (from the heart)
2. The capillaries (exchange)
3. The Veins (to the heart)
4. 70% of blood are in the veins
C. The heart is a double pump
1. Myocardium: serviced by coronary artery and cardiac vein
2. Pericardium is a sac that surrounds the heart
3. Heart has 4 chambers
a. right and left atrium
b. right and left ventricle
4. AV valve on right side has 3 flaps; AV valve on left side has 2 flaps
5. Passage of the blood:
http://www.childrensheartinstitute.org/educate/heartwrk/bloodflw.htm
6. Oxygen deprived cells never mix with cell that have rich oxygen
7. Left side of heart is stronger at pumping
8. Systole, working phase; Diastole, resting phase
9. "lup" is when increase in blood pressure; "dup" when ventricles are relaxed
10. SA node starts the heart beat which causes atria to contract. SA node is called pacemaker
11. Controlled by medulla oblongata (in the brain) Epinephrine and nor epinephrine stimulate the heart
D. Features of the Cardiovascular System
1. The pulse rate is the same as the heart rate
2. Blood pressure is determined by systolic pressure(highest number) and diastolic pressure (lowest number).
3. Hypertension is the condition in which the blood pressure is high
(http://www.lifemana.com/blood-pressure-chart.html)
E. Two Cardiovascular Pathways
1. The Pulmonary Circuit: The exchange of gases
a. Blood passes through lungs and because oxygenated
2. The Systemic Circuit: Exchanges with tissue fluid
a. Provides blood to the organs and tissues through arteries and veins
b. the coronary artery provides the blood for the heart itself
F. Exchange at the Capillaries
1. Blood pressure and osmotic pressure help with movement
2. oxygen and nutrients go outside of capillaries while carbon dioxide and waste go in
(http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_saladin/folder_structure/tr/m3/s10/index.htm)
G. Cardiovascular disorders
1. high blood pressure
2. Stroke, heart attack, and aneurysm
II. Cardiovascular System: Blood
A . Overview
1. Delivers oxygen from lungs and nutrients from digestive tract
2. Defends against disease
3. Regulates body temperature
4. Formed elements
a. Contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments
5. Plasma
a. 91% water
b. carries substance into blood
B. Red Blood Cells and Transport of Oxygen
1. No nucleus, but contains copies of hemoglobin
2. Hemoglobin is what carries the O2
3. Help with transport of CO2
4. Produced in bone marrowC. White Blood Cells and Defense Against Disease
1. Have nucleus and no hemoglobin
2. Fight infection (part of immune system)
3. Types of white blood cells
a. Granular Leukocytes
Neurtrophils are first to go to a virus
Eosinophils are present for a parasitic worm or allergic reaction
Basophils are associated with allergic reactions
b. Agranular Leukocytes
lymphocytes: B and T cells produce antibodies
Monocytes: Serve as "vacuum cleaner"
D. Platelets and Blood Clotting
1. When skin is broken, bleeding starts to occur. Platelet seals the punctured sight.
(http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec14/ch173/ch173a.html)
E. Blood Typing and Transfusions
1. ABO blood typing
a. Type A: has anti-b antibodies
b. Type B: has anti-a antibodies
c. Type O: has both antibodies (universal donor)
F. Homeostasis
1. All body systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
2. Cardiovascular system helps out with homeostasis "Heart pumps blood. Blood vessels transport oxygen and nutrients to cells of all the organs and transports wastes away from them. The blood clots to prevent blood loss. The cardiovascular system also specifically helps the other systems as mentioned"
III. Lymphatic System and Immunity
A. Microbes, Pathogens, and You
1. Pathogens are Bactria and viruses.
2. Three defense mechinisms
a. Barriers to entry
b. First responders
c. Specific defenses
3. 3 different kinds of bacteria
a. bacillus- rod shape
b. coccus-sphereical shape
c. spirillum-curved
d. Growth of bacteria causes disease
4. Viruses do not contain cells
a. colds, flus, measles, chicken pox, AIDS
b. Do not need to contain of DNA
5. Prions- degenerative disease
a. mad cow disease
b. change their shape
B. The Lymphatic System
1. Vessels for one way system (capillaries, vessels, and ducts)
2. Fluid= lymph
3. Primary organs:
a. red bone marrow produces all types of blood cells
b. thymus gland create mature T cells
4. Secondary Organs:
a. Spleen filters the blood
b. Lymph nodes fight infection1. Barriers to entry
a. skin and mucous membrane
b. chemical barriers
c. resident bacteria
2. Inflammatory response
a. Second line of defense
b. sends out neutrophils and macrophanges to kill
c. if they need help they can call in cytokines
d. interferons are proteins that warn nonifected cells that there is a virus
D. Specific Defenses
1. B Cells bind to BCR then clone themselves, are produced and mature in bone marrow, create memory b cells and plasma cells
2. Antibodies are Y shaped. They attract white cells to invade.
a. IgG- Bind to pathogens and toxins
b. IgM- show up first for defense
c. IgA- body decretions
d. IgD- antigen receptors for immature b cells
e. IgE- prevention of parasitic worms
3. T cells recognize the antigen with assistance from APC
a. like b cells, they also clone
b. Cytotoxin T Cell kill the virus or bacteria
c. Helper T cells do not fight directly but produce cytokines (chemicals)
E. Aquired Immunity
1. Active Immunity
a. Immunizations
2. Passive Immunity
a. antibiotic therapy after a person has contracted disease
b. temporary
IV. AIDS Supplement
A. Origin of and Prevalence of HIV
1. HIV can be traced back to 1959
2. First case was 15 yr. old male from Missouri in 1969
3. Prevalence of HIV
a. 36.3 million adults and 2.3 million children is 2005b. 24 million in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia (64% of all HIV)
c. 1.3 million people are infected in the US
1. Catagory A: Acute Phase
a. symptoms aren't detected yet, infectious, 500 cells per mm
b. some people experience flu like symptoms
c. take about 25 days to detect
2. Catagory B: Chronic Phase
a. 200 cells per mm
b. one or more symptoms
3. Catagory C: AIDS
a. below 200 cells per mm
b. Death usually occurs 2 to 4 years
C. HIV Structure and Life Cycle
1. 2 single strands of RNA
2. 3 important enzymes (Reverse transcriptase, Integrase, and Protease)
3. HIV Life cycleAttachment, Fusion, Entry, Reverse Transcription, Integration, Biosynthesis and cleavage, Assembly, and Budding
4. Infection can spread from vaginal or rectal intercourse, oral sex, needle sharing, birth, breastmilk, and blood.
5. Testing for HIV can begin within 2 to 8 weeks but it can also take up to 6 months.
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