Compendium One

Compendium One: CELLS

This first unit is about cells and how they are incorporated into all life. It also shows that all cells are contained of atoms and how they are bonded to form many different organs and other units. In chapter three, the book shows the different parts to a cell..and you can relate some of the parts of a cell to human organs. The cell has a “powerhouse” or what I refer to is the “brain” and many other parts that can translate into human organs.

Cells are made up of atoms and atoms are made up of:

1. Protons- which have a positive charge and are inside the nucleus
2. Neutrons- have a negative charge and are inside the nucleus
3. Electrons- circle around the nucleus

When you are trying to put together two atoms and 1 atom has one less electron and have an opposite attraction you get ionic bonding.
When you try to put two atoms together that have an even number of electrons and are attracted together you get covalent bonding.

Organic Molecules



1. Carbohydrates consist of simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, and fiber
2. Lipids are fats to animals, and oils to plants. They contain more energy
3. Proteins have amino acids and have an unusual shape that is necessaryfor continuation.
4. Nucleic Acids consist of DNA and RNA and uses ATP to transport energy.
DNA forms helix RNA does not for helix

Cells are very interesting in the fact that new cells are produced from cells that are already present. Some of the structures of the animal cell can almost be related to a human being.

1. Plasma membrane: think of it as human skin because it is the outermost part of the cell. In the plasma membrane there are a couple of processes that take place

“Diffusion is the random movement of molecules from the area of highest concentration to the area of lower concentration, until they are equally distributed” (Sylvia S. Mader, Human Biology 10th Edition)

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across the plasma membrane

Active transport is movement from lower to higher concentrations and requires proteins

2. Nucleus you can think of as a humans heart. It keeps the cell going. The nucleus keeps the cells genetic information.

3. Endoplasmic Reticulum has two different parts the Rough ER is where proteins are processed and modified and the Smooth ER processes and transports to the plasma membrane or the Golgi Apparatus.

4. Golgi Apparatus and lysosomes you can think of as the digestive system. It is where proteins and lipids are processed, packaged and secreted.

5. Mitochondria are like the brain of a cell. It processes ATP for energy and keeps the cell going.

There are four different types of tissues.

1. Connective- connects (tendons, bone, ligaments)
Fibrous, supportive, bone, and fluid tissues

2. Muscular- moves the body (muscles of the body, heart)
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

3. Nervous- conducts impulses (brain)
Neurons and Neuroglia

4. Epithelial- covers the body (skin)
Simple, Columnar, Cuboidal, Squamous, Pseudostratified, Transitional, Stratified.

Figure 4.12 (page 74-75) goes into all the different systems which has a good representation of how each system works.

Cells are a part of life. They are so tiny, but are so important. They are what make up man, animals, plants....just about everything! Every little thing about cells; how they bond, how they work, and how they make up objects is amazing.