Compendium Six

I. Skeletal System

• A. Overview of Skeletal System
• B. Bone Growth, Remodeling, and Repair
• C. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
• D. Bones of Appendicular Skeleton

I. Muscular System

• A. Overview of Muscular System
• B. Skeletal Muscle Fiber and Contraction
• C. Whole Muscle Contraction
• D. Muscle Disorders
• E. Homeostasis
  
  

I. Skeletal System

A. Overview of Skeletal System

--Functions of the Skeletal System--

• Support the body
  
• Protects soft body parts
  
• Produces blood cells
  
• Stores minerals and fats
  
• Permits flexible body movement

---Anatomy of a long bone---

• Shaft is diaphysis
  
• End of bond in epiphysis-large spongy bone with red bone marrow. Surrounded with articular cartilage
  
• Bone

1. Compact

2. Spongy

3. Red Bone Marrow

• Cartilage
  

1. More flexible but not as strong as bone

2. No nerves; no blood vessels

3. Hyaline Cartilage

4. Fibrocartilage

5. Elastic Cartilage

• Fibrous Connective Tissue
  

1. Make up ligaments

B. Bone Growth, Remodeling, and Repair

• Osteoblasts- bone forming cells
• Osteocytes- maintain structure of bone
• Osteoclasts- bone absorbing cells
• Bone Development

1. Ossification- formation of bones

2. Intermembrous Ossification

• Develope between sheets of fibrous tissue
• Connective tissue cells become osteoblasts
• Trabeculae of spongy bone and spongy bone remains inside

• Endochodral Ossification

1. Bone replaces cartilage

2. The cartilage model

3. The bone collar

4. The primary ossification center

5. The medullary cavity and secondary ossification site

6. The epipseal plate

7. The final size of the bone (18 females)(20 males)

• Bone Remodeling
  

1. 18% of bone is modeled in a year

2. Allows the body to regulate calcium

3. PTH- hormone

4. Calcitonin- opposite hormone of PTH

• Bone Repair

1. Hemotoma

2. Fibrocartilage

3. Bony Callus

4. Remodeling

C. Bone of the Axial Skeleton

• Skull


• The Bones of the Skull

The cranium protects the brain

Frontal- Forehead

Parietal- Sides

Occipital- base of the skull

Temporal- ears

Sphenoid- floor of the cranium

Ethmoid- forms orbits and nasal structure

• Facial Bones

Mandible- lower jaw

Maxillae- upper jaw

Zygomatic- cheek bone

Nasal Bones- bridge of nose

• Hyoid Bone

Attached to temporal bones by muscle ligaments and to the larynx by membrane

Associated with swallowing

• Vertebral Column

33 vertebra

4 curvatures

spinal cord passes through it

mid line of the back

named according to location

Cervical vertebra- neck

Thoracic- ribs

Lumbar- lower back

Sacral- sacrum

• Rib Cage
  
  

Thoracic cage

12 pairs of bones

7 pairs (upper) "true"ribs

3 pairs (lower) "false" ribs

2 pairs (bottom) "floating" ribs

Sternum protects the heart and lungs

Manubrium, Body, and Xiphoid

D. Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

• Pectoral Girdle and Upper limb

Clavical- top of thorax

Scapula- visible bone in the back

Glenoid cavity

Rotator Cuff

Humerus- upper bone in arm

Radium- outer part of lower arm

Ulna- inside part of lower arm

Carpal bones (metacarpals and phalanges)

• Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
  

Pelvis- pelvic girdle, sacrum, coccyx

Coxal- ilium, ischium, pubis

Acetabulium- hip socket

Femur- upper bone in leg

Tibia- inner lower leg bone

Fibia- outer lower leg bone

Patella- knee cap

Tarsal bone (metacarpal and phalanges)

II. Muscular System

A. Overview of the Muscular System

• Types of Muscles

Smooth Muscles- located in walls of hallow internal organs

Cardiac Muscles- Forms heart wall

Skeletal Muscles

• Functions of Skeletal Muscles
  
  

Support the body

Makes bones move

Maintain body temp

Assist with movement in cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels

Helps protect internal organs and stabilize joints

• Skeletal Muscles of the Body
  
  
  

When muscle contracts it pulls tendons and creates movement

Usually functions in groups

Muscles contract, they shorten

Can only pull, not push

• Names and actions of Skeletal Muscles
  

Named after several factors

Size

Shape

Location

Direction of muscle fibers

Attachment

Number of attachments

Action

B. Skeletal Muscle Fibers Contration

• Muscle fibers and how they slide

Sarcolemma- plasma membrane

Carcoplasm- cytoplasma

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum- ER

Myofibrals- run the length of the muscle

Thick Filaments

Thin Filaments

Sliding Filaments

Control muscularfiber contraction uses the motor neurons

C. Whole Muscle Contraction

• Muscles have motor units (all stimulated at same time)
  
• Energy from muscle contraction

2 energy sources are stored in muscle

2 energy sources are acquired from blood

Glucose and fatty acids

Store limited amounts of ATP

CP pathway

Fermentation

Cellular respiration

• Fast Twitch and Slow Twitch

Fast Twitch (Anaerobic, explosion of energy)

Slow Twitch (Long distance running, more mitochondria)

D. Muscle Disorders

• Spasms
• Cramps
• Strain
• Sprain

E. Homeostasis

• Both systems produce movement
• Both systems protect body parts
• Bones store and release calcium
• Blood cells produce in bone
• Muscle maintains body temp