Self Evaluation

1. I was really proud of all of my Lab Projects, the online labs, and towards the end, I really liked my Compendiums.

2. I think I could have used some work on the Ethical Essays and the Peer feedback.

3. I believe I should get a low A

4. I think I could devote more time to all the assignments


1. I really enjoyed the last unit that we did. Evolution is really exciting to me.

2. Unit one, the cells, I was really distanced from.

3. The feed back from the teacher was what helped me because it helped me with later assignments

4. I don’t think there was anything that was confusing.

5. Evolution was what surprised me the most.

Ethical Essay 4

The world is becoming a place where reproduction isn’t as important as it used to be. As, the world goes on, the population needs to go up in order for the world to continue with life. People are beginning to find it very hard to have children. If we want to keep life of humans going, we need to reproduce.

People are finding that financial constraints are keeping them from reproduction. If you think about how the rate of inflation is going up, it’s no wonder people cannot afford children. Raising a child is very expensive, and with the costs of everything else going up, it makes it very hard to raise a family. An example is that the cost of grain is going up. Pretty much anything that we consume is made up of grain, therefore making food prices go up. A very big issue now is the cost of oil going up. With going to work, school and any other random places people go to, it’s costing them about twice as much to fill up the gas tank. This puts a strain on raising a family and people are having to work twice as much just to afford anything.

There is something that needs to be done because if the cost of everything goes up, reproduction is going to be last on peoples list. We need to learn how to conserve and utilize the resources that we have more efficiently.

1. Homo sapiens....Brian Hayden..my son (human)..Humans would be an example of Preditor.

2. Canis lupus familiaris...This is my dog..Yoshi...He would be mutualistic and preditor. He is a domesticated species.

3. Premnas biaculeatus..maroon clownfish...Clownfish are considered commensal. They are domesticated.

4. Premnas biaculeatus..This is Ferris my cat. She would be Mutualistic and a preditor. She is domesticated.

5. Solenopsis....Red Ants...These would be preditor/prey. They are not domesticated..at least by choice ;)

6. Populus tremuloides:...Quaking aspen....They would be Mutualistic. They can be domesticated.

7. Malus domestica ...I deal with apple juice on a daily basis..This would be mutualistic. They can be domesticated.

8. Ammophila sabulosa...Digging wasps. They are Mutualistic..They are not domesticated.

9. Gallus gallus (chicken)...We eat chicken eggs for breakfast everyday..They are prey. They can be domesticated.

10.Brassica oleracea...Broccoli. This would be commensal. They are domesticated.

11. Bos primigenius primigenius . We eat meat everyday from cattle. They are mutualistic. They are domesticated.

12. Sus scrofa domesticus. Domesticated pig. They are prey. They are domesticated

13. Citrus sinensis . Oranges in orange juice. They are mutualistic. They are domesticated.

14. Danaus plexippus. Butterfly. They are mutualistic. They are not domesticated.

15. Acute viral nasopharyngitis. Common Cold. Parasitic. Not domesticated

16. Osmia ribifloris. Bee. Mutualistic. They are not domesticated.

17. Cucurbita . Squash. Mutualistic. They are domesticated.

18. Cucurbita pepo. Zuccini. Mutualistic. They are domesticated

19. Gingivitis . Inflammation of the gums. Parasitic. Not domesticated.

20. Allium. Onions. Mutualistic. Domesticated.

Online Lab: Human Population

This is my lower fertility rate diagram.

This is the high fertility rate diagram

1. The high fertility rate country was Venezuela. The fertility rate for this country is 3.30.

2. The low fertility rate country was Spain with the fertility rate of 1.40.

3. The high fertility results in more younger people because younger people are the people who produce offspring. With the more people having babies and reproducing, the younger people statistics should go up. This will effect future population growth because when those who are born grow up, they will more than likely have children themselves, making the population grow.

4. The low fertility leads to a lot of middle aged people because they are not reproducing, making the numbers less. If people do not reproduce, then the population will not grow, and those people will get older. The population will decrease.

5. If there were less children in the world people would be: career oriented, depressed, more energy, selfish, goal oriented, educated, serious

If there were more children in the world people would be: exhausted, happy, family driven, less career oriented, playful, joyous, excitement

Online Lab: Reproduction

The list that I have come up with for this lab about fetal development:

• 1. Fertilization occurs when the sperm and the egg meet and start forming an embryo. this is significant because it's the very beginning of fetal development.
  




• 2. Implantation occurs about 3 to 4 weeks after fertilization. This is important because the embryo must grow in the uterus.

(www.babycenter.com)

• 3. Central Nervous system and Brain develop usually occurs during the 5th week. This is important because the Brain and CNS are needed to keep life going.
  





• 4. Internal Organs have formed and the heart is beginning to pump usually occurs during the 8th week. Like the CNS and the Brain, we need all internal organs.
  
  
  (http://www.babycenter.com/)
  
  
  


• 5. Eyes and Ears develop during the 5th week as well. Ears and eyes are needed for balance and hearing.
  
  
  
  


• 6. Genitals are forming usually occurs during the 10th week and are fully developed by the 12th week.
  
  
  




• 7. Baby goes to "head down position" usually occurs during the 30th week. This prepares the baby and mother for delivery.
  
  
  
  


• 8. Lungs are fully developed usually by 30-34th week. The baby needs their lungs in order to breath, so this is an important organ to be developed.
  
  
  


• 9. Immune system is developing usually happens around the 34th week. This is needed because baby needs to fight off infections.

http://www.babycenter.com/)

• 10. Birth occurs usually at the 40th week.

(www.wikipedia.com)

Compendium Eight: Evolution

I. Human Evolution

• A. Origin of Life
• B. Biological Evolution
• C. Classification of Humans
• D. Evolution of Hominids
• E. Evolution of Humans
  

II. Global Ecology and Human Interference

• A. Nature of Ecosystems
• B. Energy Flow
• C. Global Biogeochemical

III. Human Population, Planetary Resources and Conservation

• A. Human Population Growth
• B. Human Use of Resources and Pollution
• C. Biodiversity
• D. Working Toward a Sustainable Society

I. Human Evolution

A. Origin of Life

---Primitive Earth----

Sun and Planets formed by dust and debris

4.6 billion years ago the solar system was formed

Atomosphere was much different

H2O, N2, and CO2

H2O only existed as gas

----Small Organic Molecules----

RNA needed for first cell

Protocell (carry metabolism but can't reproduce; heterotroph:takes in preformed food)

The true cell (can reproduce, RNA, messanger RNA, Protocyte could synthesize DNA)

B. Biological Evolution

----Common Descent----

Charles Darvin

Fossils are best evidence for evolution

Fossils consist of only hard materials

Transitional Fossils (Archaeopteryx Fossils and Ambulocetus natans)

----Other Evidence-----

Biogeographical evidence (distribution of plants and animals)

Anatomical Evidence (homologous, analogous, Vestigial structures)

Biochemical Evidence (DNA, ATP, different amino acids)

----Intelligent Design----

Faith based, and not scientific

----Natural Selection----

Species adapt to environment

Critical Elements (Variation, Competition for Limited Resources, Adaptation)

C. Classification of Humans

----DNA Data and Human Evolution----

Using DNA more

DNA sequencing

----Humans are Primates----

Mobile limbs, grasping hands, flattened face, binocular vision, complex brain

----Comparing Human Skeleton to the Chimpanzee----

Human Spine exits from center; Ape exits at rear

Human Spine is S shaped; Ape is slightly curved

Human Pelvis is bowl shaped; Ape is longer and narrow

Human Femur is angled inward; Ape is outward

Human knee can support more weight

(http://www.whyevolution.com/chimps.html)

D. Evolution of Hominids

----The first hominid----

Branch of the evolutionary tree

----Hominid Features----

Bipedal posture (walk on two feet)

Shape of face

Brain size

----Earliest Fossil Hominids----

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Orrorin tugensis

Ardipithecus Kadabba

----Evolution of Australopithecines----

Slender

Powerful (strong upper bodies)

----Southern Africa----

Limbs are apelike

Large brain

----Eastern Africa----

Lucy (famous fossil)

Brain is small

(http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%3Fei%3DUTF-8%26p%3Dlucy%2Band%2Bhominid%2Bpictures&w=375&h=500&imgurl=static.flickr.com%2F2207%2F2170077028_6286ff2a81.jpg&size=128.9kB&name=2170077028_6286ff2a81.jpg&rcurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fsortingoutscience%2F2170077028%2F&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fsortingoutscience%2F2170077028%2F&p=lucy+hominid&type=jpeg&no=1&tt=137&oid=92a57dcf52db6888&fusr=Sam_Wise&hurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fsortingoutscience%2F&tit=Lucy%2C+upright&sigr=11qk93jq5&sigi=11gn73jn5&sigb=123rmr54q&sigh=11fbhdulu)

E. Evolution of Humans

----Early humans----

Homo habilis (2 million years ago)

Speech led to hunting

Hunters and gatherers shared food

Culture Begins

Homo Erectus ( 1.9 million years ago)

Have larger brain

Flatter face

Taller

Africa

Used Fire

---Evolution of Modern Humans----

Homo Sapiens

Multiregional continueity hypothesis (different)

Out-of-Africa hypothesis (same)

----Neandertals----

Massive brow ridges

Slightly larger brains

Muscled

Limbs were shorter and thicker

Ice Age

----Cro-magnons----

Oldest fossils

Replaced neandertals in Middle East

First to have language

Drawings on wall

----Human Variation----

Different ethnicities

Colder regions have bulkier body, shorter limbs, and smaller ears and digits

II. Global Ecology and Human Interferance

A. Nature of Ecosystems

----Ecosystems----

Temperature and Rainfall define binomes

Aquatic ecosystems (salt and fresh water)

Ocean accounts for 70% of Earth

----Biotic Components of an Ecosystem----

Living things

Autotrophs (inorganic nutrients and outside energy; "producers")

Heterotrophs (need source of organinc nutrients; consume food, herbavores, carnivores, and omnivores)

Niche (role of an organism)

----Energy Flow and Chemical Cycle----

Chemical cycle begins when producers take inorganic nutirents from physical environment

Evergy flow begins when producers absorb solar energy

All energy content converts to heat

B. Energy Flow

Food Web

Grazing Food Web

Detrital Food Web

Trophic levels (grazing and Detrital)

Ecological Pyramids (10% of energy level is available for next level)

C. Global Biogeochemical Cycles

----Water cycle----

1. Evaporation from ocean

2. Prescipitation to ocean/land

3. Transpiration from plants and evaporation from soil

4. Fresh water to ocean

5. Runoff

6. Aquifers

(http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclehi.html)

----The Carbon Cycle----

1. Photosynthesis

2. Respiration

3. Give off Biocarbonates

4. Bicarbonate in water equal to bicarbonate in air

5. Decomposation/waste

6. Fossil Fuels

7. Distruction of vegitation and combustion

--Global Warming----

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg)

----The Nitrogen Cycle----

1. Nitrogen Fixation

2. Nitrogen gas converts to Nitrate

3. Ammonium is converted to Nitrate (soil)

4. Nitrate-producing bacteria convert ammonium to nitrate

5. Convert nitrate to nitrate

6. Assimilation

7. Denitrification

8. Human activites alter (fertilizers)

(http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9s.html)

----The Phosphorus Cycle----

1. Oceanic sediments move to land

2. Weathering

3. Becomes available to plants

4. Animals eat producers

5. Death and Decay of Animals

6. Runoffs

7. On land again

8. Human activities interfere

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Phoscycle-EPA.jpg)

III. Human Population, Planetary Resources, and Conservation

A. Human Population Growth

----MDC's and LDC's

MDC's (decline in death rate, and no leveling off)

LDC's (level off)

3 age groups (Prereproductive, reproductive, and postreproductive)

B. Human Use of resources and Pollution

non-renewable resources and renewable resources

----Land----

Beaches and Human Habitation (70%)

Semiarid lands and Human Habitation (animals overgraze land and soil can't soak in water)

Tropical Rain forest and Human Habitation (deforestation)

----Water----

Increasing water supplies (dams and aquafiers)

Conservation of water

----Food----

growing crops, farming animals, and fishing

modern farming negatives (planting few genetic variance, heavy use of fertilizers, generous watering, excessive fuel consumption)

Soil loss and degradation

Green revolutions (genetic engineering)

Domestic Livestock

----Energy----

Non-Renewable resources (fossil fuels; oil, natural gas)

Renewable Resources

Hydropower (falling water)

Geotherman Energy (uranium, thorium, radium, plutonium)

Wind power

Solar Hydrogen Revolution (collected, converted, and stored)

----Minerals----

Non-renewable raw materials from the Earth's crust

Dangerous metals

Hazardous Waste

C. Biodiversity

----Loss of Biodiversity----

Habitat loss

Alien Species (exotics)

Pollution (acid deposition, global warming, ozone depletion, synthetic organic chemicals)

Overexploration (taking exotic plants and animals out of habitat)

---Direct Value of Biodiversity----

Medicinal Value

Agricultrual Value

Consumptive use Value

----Indirect Value of Biodiversity----

Waste disposal

Provision of freshwater

prevention of soil erosion

Biogeochemical cycles

Regulation of climate

ecotourism

Compendium 7: Reproductive

I. Reproductive System

• A. Human Life Cycle
• B. Male Reproductive System
• C. Female Reproductive System
• D. Female Hormone Levels
• E. Control of Reproduction
• F. Sexually Transmitted Diseases

II. Development and Aging

• A. Fertilization
• B. PreEmbryonic and Embryonic Development
• C. Fetal Development
• D. Pregnancy and Birth
• E. Development after Birth
  
  

I. Reproductive System

A. Human Life Cycle

---Mitosis and Meiosis---

All cells contain 46 chromosomes

Mitosis takes place with growth and repair

Meosis take place is testes and ovaries (sperm and egg)

During Meiosis the number of chromosomes is 23

Zygote is the first cell of new human

Sperm and egg both carry 23 chromosomes

Zygote has 46 chromosomes

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sexual_cycle.svg)

B. Male Reproductive System

---Parts of the male reproductive system---

Testes: Produce sperm and sex horomones

Epididymides: Ducts where sperm mature and are stored

Van Deferentia: Conduct and store sperm

Seminal Vesicles: Contribute nutrients and fluid to sperm

Prostate Gland: Contributes fluid to sperm

Urethra: Conducts sperm

Bulbourethral Glands: Mucus containing fluid to semen

Penis: Gland of sexual intercourse

(http://healthcare.utah.edu/healthinfo/adult/men/maleanat.htm)

---Orgasm in Males---

During sexual arousal autonomic nerves release Nitric oxide which leads to the production of cGMP. cGMP fill erective tissue upwith blood. Veings take the blood away from the penis are compressed which causes an erection.

Contractions that expel the sperm are part of the male orgasm

400 million sperm in 3.5 ml of semen

---Male Gonads, the Testes---

The scrotum helps regulate the temperature of testes

Seminiferous tubles are packed with cells undergoing spermatogenesis

During the production of sperm primaray spermocytes moves away from outer wall, increase in size and go through meiosis I.

Secondary Spermocytes go through meiosis II to produce 4 spermatides each containing 23 chromosomes

It takes 74 days form sperm to develop

Sperm has 3 parts (head, middle piece, and tail)

Middle piece produces energy for the tail

Sperm only live up to 48 hours in female

---Hormonal Regulation in Males---

Hypothalamus controls Testes GnRH

FSH promotes production of sperm

LH controls production of testostrone

Testostrone is main sex horomone; gives male characteristics and helps with muscular development

C. Female Reproductive System

---Genital Tract---

Ovaries: Produce eggs and sex hormones

Oviducts: Conduct eggs; location of fertilization

Uterus: Fetus develops here

Cervix: Opening of Uterus

Vagina: Birth canal; menstral flow exit; and sex organ

---External Genitals---

Vulva: two large folds

Glans clitoris: Sexual arousal

Urinary and reproductive system are completely seperate

(http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/reproduc.htm)

---Orgasm in Females---

Labia minora, vaginal wall, and clitoris become engorged with blood

Vagina expands and elongates

D. Female Hormone Levels

---Ovaria Cycle: Non-pregnant---

Primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I. Haploid with 23 chromosomes

Secondary oocyte goes through meosis II only if fertilized

This process is ovulation

If egg is not fertilized the corpus luteum degenerates and cause menstral cycle

---Phases of Ovarian Cycle---

Hypothalamus produces GnRH which produces FSH and LH

---Estrogen and Progesterone---

Estrogen is responsible for secondary sex characteristics

Both are responsible for breast development

Menopause: no long have ovarian cycle

---Uterine Cycle: Non-pregnant---

Days 1-5: Flow of blood out of vagina

Days 6-13: Proliferative Phase

Day 14: Ovulation

Days 15-28: Secretory Phase

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:MenstrualCycle2.png)

---Fertilization and Pregnancy---

Placenta formed from maternal and fetal development

Egg implants in endometrium

E. Control of Reproduction

---Birth Control Methods---

Contraceptives (medications and devices)

IUD

Diaphram

Condoms (male and female)

Implants

Injections

Pills

Vasectomy and Tubal Ligation

---Infertility---

Low sperm count (caused by drinking and smoking)

Body weight

Blocked oviducts

Treatments include Arificial Insemination, In Vitro fertilization, Gamate Intrafallopian Transfer, Surrogate mothers

F. Sexually Transmitted Diseases

---STD's from Virus---

HIV

Genital Warts (caused by HPV, warts on penis and vaginal opening)

Genital Herpes (herpes simplex virus)

Hepatitis (infects the liver)

Hepatitis A: through oral/anal contact

Hepatitis B: Sexual contact/blood

Hepatitis C: Post transfusion

Hepatitis D and G: Sexually transmitted

Hepatitis E: Contaminated water

---STD's by Bacteria---

Chlamydia

Gonorrhea

Syphilis

II. Development and Aging

A. Fertilization

---Steps of Fertilization---

Several sperm try to fertilize egg by only one will succeed

When sperm touches the egg, the plasma membrane depolarizes so no other sperm can get in

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sperm-egg.jpg)

B. PreEmbryonic and Embryonic Development

---Processes---

Cleavage: Divides

Growth: Grows

Morphegenesis: Shaping

Differentiation: Structure and Function

---Extraembryonic Membranes---

Chorion: Fetal half of placenta

Allantois: umblical blood vessels

Yolk Sac: First site of blood cell formation

Amnoin: Cushion for the embryo

---Stages of Development---

PreEmbryonic (first week, divides as it passes to the uterus)

Embryonic (2nd week-end of 2nd month)

2nd week: Implatation occurs; chorion produces HCG; Gastrulation occurs

3rd week: Nervous system and heart develop

4th and 5th week: Body moves, little limb buds appear, head enlarges

6th-8th week: Can recognize as a human, reflex actions

C. Fetal Development

Blood of mother and fetus never mix

Umbilical Cord is lifelife of fetus

Umbilical arteries carry oxygen poor blood away from fetus

Umbilical veins take oxygen rich blood to fetus

---Events of Fetal Development---

3rd and 4th month: Head is large, bone starts to appear, male or female, fetal heartbeat is loud

5th-7th month: Movement in felt, translucent skin, weighs 3 pounds

8th-9th month: About 7.5 pounds, head down by cervix

---Development of Male and Female Genitals---

Males XY; Females XX

at 6 weeks males and females have same buds but will appear where penis or clitoris will be

at 14 weeks should be able to see if male or female

D. Pregnancy and Birth

Energy level flucuates in mother

The uterus relaxes (progestrone controls this)

Blood volume increases by 40%

Cardiac output increases by 20 to 30%

Vericose veins

---Birth---

Uterus contracts throughout birth

True labor contractions are regular every 15 minutes and last for 40 seconds

Oxytocin stimulates the contractions

Stage 1: Effacement and breaking of the water

Stage 2: Contractions every 1 to 2 minutes lasting 1 minute, baby is delivered

Stage 3: After birth, placenta is delivered

E. Development after Birth

---Hypothesis of Aging---

Genetic basis

Decline in hormonal system

Failure or decline in other systems

---Effects of age on body systems---

Skin: Thinner and less elastic, feels cold

Processing and transporting: Heart shrinks, arteries and more rigid, higher blood pressure

Integration and Coordination: Cognitive skills remain the same, reaction time slowes, decrease in bone density

Reproductive System: Menopause and andropause